Introduction
1 Immigration
and Ethnic Minorities:
Political and Societal Concepts
1.1 Germany
1.1.1
Germany as a de facto Immigration Country
1.1.2
The Multicultural City of Frankfurt am Main
1.2 Israel
1.2.1
The Melting Pot Maintained: Immigration and
Absorption of Jews and Differentiation of
Other Ethnic Minorities
1.2.2
City of Cultural Diversity: Tel Aviv/Jaffo
1.3 United
States
1.3.1
The United States as an Immigrant society
1.3.2
Minorities as a Majority: San Francisco
2 Idiosyncrasies
in Three »Western« Countries: Drug History,
Treatment Systems and Prevalence of Illicit Substance Use
2.1 Germany
2.1.1
Illicit Substance Usea West German Phenomenon?
2.1.2
From Abstinence-Dogmatism to Experimental Harm-
Reduction: Evolution of the Drug Treatment System
2.2 Israel
2.2.1
The Jewish Sober Ethos to Fade?
Prevalence of Illicit Drug Use in Israel
2.2.2
A Unique and Recent History:
The Israeli Drug Treatment System
2.3 United
States
2.3.1
An Upward or Downward Trend?
Prevalence of Drug Use in the U.S.
2.3.2
The Summer of Love, the Drug Scares
and Beyond: Evolution of Drug Scenes
and the Drug Treatment System in the U.S.
2.4 Comparative
Conclusions
3 Substance
Abuse among Ethnic Minorities
Prevalence, Distribution and Patterns
3.1 Germany
3.2 Israel
3.3 United
States
4 Roadblocks
and Other Barriers:
What Prevents Ethnic Minorities from
Entering Drug Abuse Treatment in Germany?
4.1 Under-Utilization
of Mainstream Services
4.2 Identified
Barriers to Accessing Treatment
4.3 Outpatient
Drug Services and Ethnicity in Frankfurt
4.3.1
Options for Outpatient Treatment
and Service Utilization
4.3.2
From Low-Threshold Service into Counseling?
5 Hidden
Populations in Need?Access to Drug
Treatment for Ethnic Minorities in Israel
5.1 A
National Perspective
5.2 Empirical
Observations:
Outpatient Drug Treatment in Tel Aviv/Jaffo
5.2.1
The Treatment Providers Point of View
5.2.2
The Clients Point of View
6 Ethnic
and Cultural Sensitivity in Outpatient
Drug Abuse Services in the United States: A Case Study
6.1 Ethnic
Groups and Drug Treatment in San Francisco
6.2 A
Treatment Philosophy from the 60s
Suitable for the Millenium-Zeitgeist?
Case Study of the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics
Outpatient Substance Abuse Services
6.2.1
History and Evolution
6.2.2
Current Realities
7 Towards
Multicultural Competencies in Outpatient
Drug Services: Discussion and Results from a
Transnational Perspective
7.1 Inhibiting
Factors in Politics and Society
7.2 Considerations
for Organizational Development
7.2.1
Models
7.2.2
Organizational and Individual Competencies
7.2.3
Conclusions
References
Appendices
Abbreviations
List of figures
List of tables